As a kind of indefinite punishment, the discretionary punishment is the most. pervasive reaction to criminality in the Islamic penal policy. The efficacy of the discretionary punishment depends on how we use it to adjust the foregoing reaction to the guilty personality. Some Shi'a jurisprudents believe that just like Prohibition of the Evil, the discretionary punishment should be used by observing Gradation. That is, it should be started from low grades such as warning, reproaching, etc. in petty offences, and in case the wrong deed is repeated. the more severe punishments such as imprisonment can be used. In other words, if the judge knows that deterrence can be attained through slighter punishments like reproaching, he/she should not issue the whipping, imprisonment. or suchlike severe punishments in the first occurrence of a petty offence. With regard to the extensive reliance on the imprisonment and physical punishments in criminal laws and the widespread use of imprisonment by judges, even for the first-time offenders-which has led to the increased density of convicts' number in prisons - specification of the discretionary punishments can be of great use. The article explicates the viewpoints of those Islamic jurisprudents who believe in the discretionary punishment Gradation, presents the benefits, positive effects, and challenges facing this kind of punishment, and provides a clear-cut, practical, and effective proposal that can be applied in the penal policy. In addition to the Sunni jurisprudents, some early Shi'a jurisprudents such as Sheikh Tusi (May he reside in God's paradise) and some contemporary ones such as Mirza Javad Agha Tabrizi (May he reside in God's paradise), Fazil Hendi (May he reside in God's paradise) - the author of Kashf al-Letharn-and Allameh Helli (May he reside in God's paradise) are the main adherents of this viewpoint. whose respective opinions will be examined in the article. Acceptance of the discretionary punishment Gradation theory in the penal law can bring about several positive consequences, including reduction of the convict's number in prisons. the possibility of better planning for the fewer remaining prisoners, and the possibility of adopting rehabilitation programs for those who have committed an offence due to ignorance and obliviousness.

The importance and role of bed roughness in conducting hydraulic flow studies and sediments, especially in river simulation models, are not covered by any of the experts in this area. For this reason, researchers used simple methods such as direct measurement using ruller or calipers or mechanical sieving for many years to determine the size of roughness of bed particles. In recent years, with the advancement of technology and the promotion of digital photography cameras, various algorithms and software for automated analysis of bed surface data are provided using digital images taken from the river bed. But so far, no comparative study has been conducted regarding the comparison of the results of different methods and their validation and only researchers have been evaluating and commenting on the shape of the Gradation curve and the particle diameters. In this study, imaging of one kilometer from the bed of the Kordan river in the west of the Alborz province, and then the images obtained in nature, as well as images taken from the particles collected from the bed in the laboratory with three different image processing methods and in two backgrounds with different colors have been analyzed and compared with the results of the sieve analysis method. Based on the results, it can be said that the presentation of an acceptable Gradation curve does not mean the accuracy of image methods, and these methods are sometimes found to have a notable error in the counting of particles, which, by shrinking the image field or increasing the number of fine particles in the image or the presence of particles with longitudinal elongation, this error will be tangible and indescribable. Factors such as how adjacent particles are placed, the color and appearance of aggregates, the distribution of light in the image, and the algorithm used to process the image on the grain size curve, are effective. Therefore, using these methods in estimating hydraulic roughness should be done with sufficient accuracy.

Gabions are one of simple methods of control erosion and flood and reducing of flood damages. Field survey show behind most of the gabions is filled by coarse sediment and debris. Therefore, in this study the role of these dams for maintenance of sediment was investigated. To conduct this 16 gabions on Zidasth, Taleghan were selected. Sampling was conducted from 0-50cm depth on the deposition sediment in the gabions. Correlation analysis by SPSS software between area and volume dam was conducted. For this were estimated of mead diameter, D50, D95, Sorting percentage of provincial flower and the percentage of sand and gravel. The analysis sediment Gradation curve was show much of the sediments deposited in the dams are coarse and so, they are located in the range sand to gravel. The results were show only correlation of the volume and mud was significant. Others factors has not significantly correlation with dams area and volume. So, the location of dams should be selected so that cause coarse sediments sedimentation is in the natural stream. In addition, dam reservoir volume is large. This cause a calm flow and fine sediments deposition.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of irrigation with polluted water on soil properties in two water treatment as river water and well water during two years on Gharesoo River located in Dorodfaraman district, in 20 km south of Kermanshah. This study was performed in three soil layers 30, 60 & 90 cm with three replications in a randomized complete block design. Different soil properties including Gradation curve, coefficients of uniformity (Cu) and curvature (Cc), saturation hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and other parameters such as bulk and practical density (ρ b & ρ a) and porosity (η ) were determined. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was no uniform trend between various parameters. Using the polluted water caused a significant difference at 1% level on saturated hydraulic conductivity and uniformity coefficient at 5% level on curvature coefficient but on the other soil properties, no significant difference was found. Gradation curve of contaminated water had been transferred to the lower and right that this represented an increase of particles size. Also, the use of contaminated water increased uniformity and curvature coefficients then it improved these coefficients and the soil was more non-uniform. The results showed that irrigation with polluted water in loamy soil increased saturated hydraulic conductivity ratio but it decreased bulk and practical density significantly. It can be concluded that the use of polluted water increased the soil porosity.

In this paper we introduce a definition of Gradation of continuity in graded fuzzy topological spaces and study its various characteristic properties. The impact of the grade of continuity of mappings over the N-compactness grade is examined. Concept of Gradation is also introduced in openness, closed- ness, homeomorphic properties of mappings and T2 separation axiom. E ect of the grades interrelated with N-compactness, closedness, T2 separation and homeomorphism of mappings are studied.

Pondering on the concept of Gradation in existence (equivocation), Avicenna and his followers found out that equivocation has nothing to do with essential entities. That is to say, some concepts such as genus, differentia and species are never subject to Gradation (being equivocal) but they are always univocal, and since accidents in relation to their instances (referents) are either genus, species or differentia, they are not equally applied to all their referents. Thus, all essential concepts are equally applicable to their instances (being univocal) and it is only the accidental concepts like white and black (not whiteness or blackness) and hot and cold that undergo Gradation. Sheikh Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi, however, maintains that Gradation is applicable not only to accidental concepts but also to essential concepts. According to Sadrian philosophers, Gradation falls out the realm of concepts, whether essential or accidental. Gradation, according to them, finds its way into real existence – not into its mental existence but only into its external existence. According to Peripatetics, you cannot distinguish between two things except though one of these three ways: through their total essences, through part of their essences and through things outside their essences. They believe one cannot make distinction between two things but in one of these three ways. Suhrawardi however, adds a new way of making distinction between them, which is nothing but through Gradation in terms of "strength and weakness", "perfection and imperfection" and "priority and posteriority" of their existence. Unlike the previous three ways, here the point of difference is the same as that of commonality.

Legislator's innovation in crime punishment Gradation had positive effects in the legislative system. This innovation facilitates applying the principle of proportionality between crime and punishment, harmonizing criminal responses, and implementation of policy of individualization of the punishments. In addition to these advantages, there are disadvantages in the Gradation system. After studying the Gradation system in the legislation of some countries and the history of this system in Iranian legislation system, this article studies the advantages and disadvantages of Islamic Penal Code with content analysis method and makes suggestions to remove the disadvantages. These disadvantages are not all-inclusive degrees of punishment, the ambiguity of the degree of some crimes, illogical and contrary to the law criteria of judicial precedent, lack of clear criteria for determining the maximum punishment for multiple crimes, the imbalance of sanctions inside one degree and non-use or misuse of Gradation system of sanctions in other laws. The solutions proposed include enumerating all instances of Tazirat under Article 19, and excluding other punishments, stipulating that relative fines are within eight-fold degrees of punishment, a proposal to amend Section 3 of Article 19, proposing a clear formula to determine the most severe punishment in multiple crimes, offering an unique and balanced criteria in order to amend the punishments inside one grade and proper use of Gradation system on other laws.

In the Transcendent Philosophy, the basis of particular Gradation is the return of the shared element to the distinguishing factor. This is a general rule and criterion for particular Gradation, based on which at least three types of such Gradation can be defined. In the first type, plurality dominates oneness so that all beings and plural things in the world merely share the aspect of being in existence. In the next type, oneness dominates plurality so that all the multiple beings of the world comprise the stages of a single being. The third type of particular Gradation is midway between the other two types. Based on the particular Gradation discussed by Aqa Ali Mudarres in the book of Bidayah al-hikam, oneness dominates plurality among possible multiple beings because all of them comprise the different grades of a single and absolute being. However, between the Almighty Necessary and the collection of possible multiple things, it is plurality which dominates oneness.

This essay wants to reply to one of the most important ontological problemes that the theory of existential Gradation can justify numerical manyness of beinges or not? This research at the first step will show that the Gradational relationship between two things logically dependes on vertical and casual linkage waist them. So that the Gradational relevance is neccessarily vertical. And so horizontal Gradation is paradoxical concept like "roundel square". Therefore realization of Gradational respect among horizontal beinges is impossible. Thus the theory of existential Gradation cant explain numerical multiplicity of the instances of a species. In the second stage of this essay we criticize and refuse the viewpoints of Allamehe Tabatabaei, Martyr Motahari and Javadi Amoli about the coherency among the horizontal manyness of objects and the theory of existential Gradation.

The evolutionary process of change of a technical term is of prime importance in the history of thought. The transformation of the fundamental and important concept of Gradation is not an exception in this regard. This word was first introduced in logic and applied to expressions and later to concepts and then was adopted in philosophy and was made the subject of so many debates and discussions. The present article first introduces the process of change in the meaning of this word and tries to find the differences in meaning and use of it first in philosophy and logic and next in philosophy and mysticism. The article then concludes that the term Gradation forms a pair of homonyms in philosophy and logic with different meanings. In philosophy and mysticism, Gradation is used with the same meaning but different referents due to differences in the nature of the two fields. The article shows how lack of consideration of these differences has led to philosophical disputes over the term Gradation.